Apresentamos os conceitos de inércia, espaço e tempo na mecânica newtoniana. Analisamos o princípio de Mach, segundo o qual a inércia de qualquer corpo é devida a sua interação com os corpos distantes do universo. Em seguida explicamos porque, em geral, a teoria da gravitação de Einstein não implementa este princípio. Discutimos então o trabalho de Erwin Schrödinger que apresenta uma formulação alternativa para a mecânica baseada numa lei de Weber para a gravitação e que é compatível com as idéias (...) de Mach. (shrink)

We show that Miller partition forcing preserves selective independent families and P-points, which implies the consistency of $\mbox {cof}(\mathcal {N})=\mathfrak {a}=\mathfrak {u}=\mathfrak {i}<\mathfrak {a}_T=\omega _2$. In addition, we show that Shelah’s poset for destroying the maximality of a given maximal ideal preserves tight mad families and so we establish the consistency of $\mbox {cof}(\mathcal {N})=\mathfrak {a}=\mathfrak {i}=\omega _1<\mathfrak {u}=\mathfrak {a}_T=\omega _2$.

Osvaldo Guariglia presenta tres modelos paradigm ticos: la propuesta kantiana de una fundamentaci n absoluta basada en la estructura prescriptiva de la raz n pr ctica; la propuesta hegeliana, que intenta superar cr ticamente la de Kant y, por ltimo, la propuesta weberiana, punto de partida de la moderna sociolog a pol tica.

Focusing on the relation between Freud and Nietzsche, the paper aims at pointing to an alternative path to the displacement of subjectivity among the moderns. Nietzschean notions of instinct and sublimation, which are among the central tenets of his critique of culture and modernity, could be the starting point for a productive discussion with psychoanalysis.

The main topics of this thesis are cardinal invariants, P -points and MAD families. Cardinal invariants of the continuum are cardinal numbers that are bigger than $\aleph _{0}$ and smaller or equal than $\mathfrak {c}.$ Of course, they are only interesting when they have some combinatorial or topological definition. An almost disjoint family is a family of infinite subsets of $\omega $ such that the intersection of any two of its elements is finite. A MAD family is a maximal almost (...) disjoint family. An ultrafilter $\mathcal {U}$ on $\omega $ is called a P-point if every countable $\mathcal {B\subseteq U}$ there is $X\in $ $\mathcal {U}$ such that $X\setminus B$ is finite for every $B\in \mathcal {B}.$ This kind of ultrafilters has been extensively studied, however there is still a large number of open questions about them.In the preliminaries we recall the principal properties of filters, ultrafilters, ideals, MAD families and cardinal invariants of the continuum. We present the construction of Shelah, Mildenberger, Raghavan, and Steprāns of a completely separable MAD family under $\mathfrak {s\leq a}.$ None of the results in this chapter are due to the author.The second chapter is dedicated to a principle of Sierpiński. The principle $\left $ of Sierpiński is the following statement: There is a family of functions $\left \{ \varphi _{n}:\omega _{1}\longrightarrow \omega _{1}\mid n\in \omega \right \} $ such that for every $I\in \left [ \omega _{1}\right ] ^{\omega _{1}}$ there is $n\in \omega $ for which $\varphi _{n}\left [ I\right ] =\omega _{1}.$ This principle was recently studied by Arnie Miller. He showed that this principle is equivalent to the following statement: There is a set $X=\left \{ f_{\alpha }\mid \alpha \alpha $ then $f_{\beta }\cap g$ is infinite. Miller showed that the principle of Sierpiński implies that non $\left =\omega _{1}.$ He asked if the converse was true, i.e., does non $\left =\omega _{1}$ imply the principle $\left $ of Sierpiński? We answer his question affirmatively. In other words, we show that non $\left =\omega _{1}$ is enough to construct an $\mathcal {IE}$ -Luzin set. It is not hard to see that the $\mathcal {IE}$ -Luzin set we constructed is meager. This is no coincidence, because with the aid of an inaccessible cardinal, we construct a model where non $\left =\omega _{1}$ and every $\mathcal {IE}$ -Luzin set is meager.The third chapter is dedicated to a conjecture of Hrušák. Michael Hrušák conjectured the following: Every Borel cardinal invariant is either at most non $\left $ or at least cov $\left $. Although the veracity of this conjecture is still an open problem, we were able to obtain some partial results: The conjecture is false for “Borel invariants of $\omega _{1}^{\omega }$ ” nevertheless, it is true for a large class of definable invariants. This is part of a joint work with Michael Hrušák and Jindřich Zapletal.In the fourth chapter we present a survey on destructibility of ideals and MAD families. We prove several classic theorems, but we also prove some new results. For example, we show that every almost disjoint family of size less than $\mathfrak {c}$ can be extended to a Cohen indestructible MAD family is equivalent to $\mathfrak {b=c}$. A MAD family $\mathcal {A}$ is Shelah–Steprāns if for every $X\subseteq \left [ \omega \right ] ^{<\omega }\setminus \left \{ \emptyset \right \} $ either there is $A\in \mathcal {I}\left $ such that $s\cap A\neq \emptyset $ for every $s\in X$ or there is $B\in \mathcal {I}\left $ that contains infinitely many elements of X $ denotes the ideal generated by $\mathcal {A}$ ). This concept was introduced by Raghavan which is connected to the notion of “strongly separable” introduced by Shelah and Steprāns. We prove that Shelah–Steprāns MAD families have very strong indestructibility properties: Shelah–Steprāns MAD families are indestructible for “many” definable forcings that does not add dominating reals. According to the author’s best knowledge, this is the strongest notion that has been considered in the literature so far. In spite of their strong indestructibility, Shelah–Steprāns MAD families can be destroyed by a ccc forcing that does not add unsplit or dominating reals. We also consider some strong combinatorial properties of MAD families and show the relationships between them.The fifth chapter is one of the most important chapters in the thesis. A MAD family $\mathcal {A}$ is called $+$ -Ramsey if every tree that branches into $\mathcal {I}\left $ -positive sets has an $\mathcal {I}\left $ -positive branch. Michael Hrušák’s first published question is the following: Is there a $+$ -Ramsey MAD family? It was previously known that such families can consistently exist. However, there was no construction of such families using only the axioms of ZFC. We solve this problem by constructing such a family without any extra assumptions.In the fourth and fifth chapters, we introduce several notions of MAD families, in the sixth chapter we prove several implications and non implications between them. We construct several MAD families with different properties.In the seventh chapter we build models without P -points. We show that there are no P -points after adding Silver reals either iteratively or by the side by side product. These results have some important consequences: The first one is that is its possible to get rid of P -points using only definable forcings. This answers a question of Michael Hrušák. We can also use our results to build models with no P -points and with arbitrarily large continuum, which was also an open question. These results were obtained with David Chodounský.prepared by Osvaldo Guzmán GonzálezE-mail : [email protected] : https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09680. (shrink)

An extended definition of “observation” is developed in order to account for the usage in the physical sciences and in neuropsychology. An observation is initially defined as a perception that has a focus of attention and is guided by theoretical considerations. Since the focus may change, one adopts a pluralist position according to which the object of perception may involve any stage of the causal chain that leads to perception, such as the source of light or sound, the obstructions, the (...) medium or even the receptor. The “neutral” observations of the empiricists are seen as involving only low-level or medium-level theorization. Examples are examined, such as a lunar eclipse, the rainbow, and observations mediated by instruments, whose “artifacts” are considered observations of the instrument itself. One also defines null-effect observations. Observations of photographs and drawings may be considered either the observation of a printed sheet of paper or the observation of the pictured object or people. This causal-pluralist metatheory of observation also accepts that one may “observe light”, observe the retina, and observe parts of the brain which are outside the region of the “sensorium”. Illusions and hallucinations are analyzed within this “observational materialism”, which considers that qualia are self-observations of the brain. Criticisms that the approach is too wide in scope are analyzed in the conclusion. (shrink)

O tema do artigo é a análise retórica do Salmo 127 no contexto dos “Salmos das Subidas”. O objetivo consiste em analisar a relação retórica possível entre o sentido da composição e o desempenho processional dos peregrinos de Jerusalém. Especificamente, trata-se de perguntar pela relação entre o conteúdo do salmo e a peregrinação para Jerusalém, a que sua leitura estaria por hipótese destinada. A metodologia consiste a) em tradução do salmo, b) análise de sua posição relativa na estrutura quiástica da (...) coleção, c) diálogo crítico com autoridades do campo dos comentários aos Salmos d) e proposição de leitura alternativa em relação ao conjunto das leituras da literatura. Concluiu-se que o Salmo 127 pode ter sido composto como alerta ou ameaça quanto ao risco de adiar-se a peregrinação a Jerusalém por força de razões que poderiam resultar na contrariedade de Yahweh, aquele que, em última análise, se não estiver contrariado, é quem garante a eficiência daquelas atividades que ora se alegariam como razões para abster-se da peregrinação. (shrink)

En Política VI 2, 1317b 1-17, Aristóteles define así la democracia: «el rasgo esencial de la democracia es el vivir como se quiere sin ninguna interferencia y de aquí vino el de no ser gobernado, si es posible por nadie, y si no, por turnos. Esta característica contribuye a un sistema general de la libertad fundada en la igualdad». Este modelo normativo dio lugar, históricamente, a dos posibles regímenes políticos, la democracia popular o extrema, basada en la participación directa de (...) todos los ciudadanos, como en Atenas, y una «constitución mixta» que tenía rasgos tanto democráticos como oligárquicos, llamada república en la tradición romana desde Cicerón. La democracia moderna es la heredera de ambos regímenes, moderada por la nueva concepción de los derechos individuales que son propios del pensamiento moderno desde Hugo Grotius hasta la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos. La constitución representativa fue, así, la solución moderna al conflicto entre gobierno de la mayoría y gobierno de las leyes. Desde su Independencia en el siglo XIX, las democracias de América Latina sufren por la tensión no resuelta entre populismo y constitución liberal democrática. El neo-populismo que surgió en los últimos años del siglo XX se presentó como un desafío y una respuesta a las promesas incumplidas de la democracia. Contra los defensores del populismo autoritario, como por ejemplo Ch. Mouffe y E. Laclau, yo sostengo que la democracia deliberativa es una respuesta superior a esas promesas. (shrink)

A lo largo del último siglo se incorporaron a las condiciones naturales algunas otras de carácter social y político que influyeron de modo decisivo en la formación de al menos tres grupos de países distintos: los países desarrollados, los países en desarrollo y los menos desarrollados. Ya el Acuerdo de 1947 del GATT admitió la existencia de una amplia brecha entre los tres grupos de países y propuso unas medidas adicionales que permitieran tender un puente sobre esa brecha. [Fragmento].

In quest’articolo, articolo prenderò in esame i passi in cui Kant descrive la monadologia leibniziana come un “concetto platonico” del mondo, ossia come una descrizione del mondo intelligibile che non ha nulla a che vedere con la spiegazione del mondo fenomenico. In generale, vorrei mostrare che quest’interpretazione non va contrapposta a quella che lo stesso Kant aveva dato nella prima Critica, dove la monadologia era caratterizzata come un “sistema intellettuale del mondo”. Per fare ciò, risponderò a due domande. La prima (...) riguarda le ragioni che possono aver indotto Kant, in diverse occasioni, a presentare Leibniz come un precursore della teoria della soggettività dello spazio. La seconda riguarda il motivo per cui Kant associa costantemente la monadologia alla teoria platonica delle idee, mostrando come, in entrambi i casi, Kant intenda criticare qualsiasi possibilità di un transito dal mondo sensibile a quello intelligibile. Infine, cercherò di mostrare che, dietro questa lettura deflazionista della monadologia, c’è anche un’implicita autocritica alle tesi che Kant stesso ha sostenuto nella Dissertatio del 1770. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca presentar los resultados de un estudio desarrollado entre los años 2011 y 2012 sobre las representaciones sociales y percepciones de los migrantes peruanos acerca de su proceso de integración en Santiago de Chile, particularmente respecto del acceso a los servicios públicos de educación, salud y vivienda. A partir de una metodología cualitativa, estos servicios son puestos bajo la mirada de los discursos de los migrantes peruanos, develando la discriminación de la que son objeto debido a su (...) procedencia nacional, así como otras formas de exclusión derivadas de su origen popular, y retratando a la ciudad de Santiago como un escenario receptor de flujos migratorios internacionales. (shrink)

Comúnmente percibido como un elemento neutral e inocente, incluso un componente aliado e indispensable en las aspiraciones de proyectos sociales alternativos, la primera parte de este artículo se dedica a problematizar el valor de uso, subrayando el particular fetichismo que le es inherente. Su tratamiento crítico se complementa con un detenido estudio de la forma natural, dimensión imprescindible sin la que la crítica de la economía política quedaría inconclusa. El artículo pretende, entonces, en primer lugar, poner al descubierto la problemática (...) del valor de uso a lo interno de la obra de Karl Marx. Seguidamente, se observará su particular fetichismo rescatando argumentos feministas, antropológicos y filosóficos que ayuden a apreciar su dimensión y carácter históricamente específico. A continuación, se profundizará la forma natural y sus principales características, registro sin el cual la dimensión problemática del valor de uso no se comprendería. Acudiendo a los planteamientos de Bolívar Echeverría, se revisitará la forma natural puntualizando la dimensión semiótica como un componente central suyo. Finalmente, el texto cierra poniendo al descubierto las facetas, trampas y problemáticas inherentes a estas dos nociones, reivindicando la importancia de distinguirlas en un momento de desafíos ecológicos donde repensar el intercambio metabólico con el medio ambiente se torna crucial para la humanidad. (shrink)

If $\mathcal{F}$ is a filter on $\omega$, we say that $\mathcal{F}$ is Canjar if the corresponding Mathias forcing does not add a dominating real. We prove that any Borel Canjar filter is $F_{\sigma}$, solving a problem of Hrušák and Minami. We give several examples of Canjar and non-Canjar filters; in particular, we construct a $\mathsf{MAD}$ family such that the corresponding Mathias forcing adds a dominating real. This answers a question of Brendle. Then we prove that in all the “classical” models (...) of $\mathsf{ZFC}$ there are $\mathsf{MAD}$ families whose Mathias forcing does not add a dominating real. We also study ideals generated by branches, and we uncover a close relation between Canjar ideals and the selection principle $S_{\mathrm{fin}}$ on subsets of the Cantor space. (shrink)

Vigencia y actualidad del Tomismo -- Carácter analógico del conocer -- Splendor formae -- Experiencia poética y experiencia mística -- La lírica religiosa de Lope de Vega -- El catolicismo en la pintura de Velázquez.

Let ${\cal I}$ be an ideal on ω. By cov${}_{}^{\rm{*}}$ we denote the least size of a family ${\cal B} \subseteq {\cal I}$ such that for every infinite $X \in {\cal I}$ there is $B \in {\cal B}$ for which $B\mathop \cap \nolimits X$ is infinite. We say that an AD family ${\cal A} \subseteq {\cal I}$ is a MAD family restricted to${\cal I}$ if for every infinite $X \in {\cal I}$ there is $A \in {\cal A}$ such that $|X\mathop (...) \cap \nolimits A| = \omega$. Let a$\left$ be the least size of an infinite MAD family restricted to ${\cal I}$. We prove that If $max${a,cov${}_{}^{\rm{*}}\}$ then a$\left = {\omega _1}$, and consequently, if ${\cal I}$ is tall and $\le {\omega _2}$ then a$\left = max$ {a,cov${}_{}^{\rm{*}}\}$. We use these results to prove that if c$\le {\omega _2}$ then o$= \overline o$ and that as$= max${a,non$\}$. We also analyze the problem whether it is consistent with the negation of CH that every AD family of size ω1 can be extended to a MAD family of size ω1. (shrink)

Leibniz considered the Cartesian version of the ontological argument not as an inconsistent proof but only as an incomplete one: it requires a preliminary proof of possibility to show that the concept of ‘the most perfect being’ involves no contradiction. Leibniz raised this objection to Descartes’s proof already in 1676, then repeated it throughout his entire life. Before 1676, however, he suggested a more substantial objection to the Cartesian argument. I take into account a text written around 1671-72, in which (...) Leibniz considers the Cartesian proof as a paralogism and a petition of principle. I argue that this criticism is modelled on Gassendi’s objections to the Cartesian proof, and that Leibniz’s early rejection of the ontological argument has to be understood in the general context of his early philosophy, which was inspired by nominalist authors, such as Hobbes and Gassendi. Then, I take into account the reconsideration of the ontological argument in a series of texts of 1678, showing how Leibniz implicitly replies to the kind of criticism to the argument he himself shared in his earlier works. (shrink)

Esta proposta de discussão aborda o ensino da filosofia. Os objetivos da pesquisa: identificar aspectos teóricos e práticos no trabalho dos professores na disciplina de filosofia na educação básica; descrever e avaliar os temas filosóficos que são trabalhados na disciplina filosofia na educação básica; comparar a formação daqueles que têm formação em filosofia e daqueles que não a tem. Com esses objetivos pudemos verificar quais universidades brasileiras oferecem curso de filosofia. Obtivemos os dados: no Brasil temos 188 escolas públicas, 329 (...) escolas particulares perfazendo um total de 517 escolas superiores e, nessas, há um total de 83 cursos de filosofia. Faremos busca de informações sobre os professores que lecionam a disciplina de filosofia na cidade de Uberaba, MG e região circunvizinha. Queremos saber quais são e onde estão os professores de filosofia tanto nas escolas públicas quanto particulares na Educação Básica. O problema de pesquisa é “até que ponto os professores de filosofia, na Educação Básica, estão preparados teoricamente para trabalhar conteúdos e reflexões de cunho filosófico proporcionando pensamentos isentos de superficialidade própria do senso comum?”. (shrink)

The situation of childhood and the adolescence in the Republic of Argentina as object of social politics is discussed from a clinical point of view. This matter seems to be connected to the problems of (personal) security, sometimes mingling the barrier that separates this from the way Justice fu..

Após apresentar, em linhas gerais, a abordagem dos modelos causais em história da ciência, define-se a noção de “avanço” como uma manifestação cultural de natureza cognitiva ou, na linguagem da biologia evolutiva, como um “meme” cognitivo. Discute-se até que ponto tais avanços podem ser considerados verdadeiras “unidades”, e discorre-se sobre a noção problemática de “unidades que se conservariam na passagem de uma história possível para outra”. Comentários são feitos sobre a distinção entre a definição de um avanço e seu grau (...) de aceitação e, por fim, sobre a plausibilidade de considerar que (em primeira aproximação) o significado de um avanço não se modifica com a evolução da ciência. No apêndice, descreve-se a classificação de avanços em sessenta tipos, distribuídos em dez classes. Palavras-chave: Mudança científica, história da ciência, modelos causais, unidade de conhecimento, avanço, meme. (shrink)

Educar na diferença pressupõe respeitar as diversas vozes dos sujeitos da escola, a fim de que, sociocognitivamente, estudantes e professores construam saberes, partilhando experiências, socializando conhecimentos e refletindo sobre seus modos de ver/conceber as coisas do mundo. Por essa razão, o professor de língua portuguesa precisa estar atento aos modos de compreensão que seus alunos revelam quando produzem dizeres nas atividades realizadas em sala de aula. Para isso, é preciso assumir que os sentidos são sempre negociados, e que os sujeitos, (...) quando focalizam um conteúdo assumindo-se como enunciadores de um dizer, manifestam, ao mesmo tempo, o dialogismo presente em toda ação de linguagem. Esse dialogismo pode ser testemunhado pelos indícios de alteridade presente nas produções textuais dos estudantes. Para comprovar isso, este trabalho desenvolve análise de textos argumentativos produzidos por alunos do Ensino Médio, comentando os objetos de discurso presentes nessas produções textuais. Dessa forma, busca evidenciar que, além de serem reveladores de pontos de vista, os objetos de discurso sinalizam o diálogo do enunciador com outros sujeitos, exercendo papel central na construção da orientação argumentativa do texto. Nessa perspectiva, considera-se que a construção do ponto de vista ocorre, em muitos casos, pela adesão do enunciador às ideias e opiniões de outros sujeitos; o que confirma o principal argumento orientador deste trabalho: para construir opinião, o enunciador reformula o próprio dizer, ora por adaptações de sua própria voz, ora por influência de outros dizeres com os quais dialoga durante o desempenho da atividade verbal. Palavras-chave: Referentes textuais. Intersubjetividade. Orientação argumentativa. (shrink)

According to the colored-brain thesis, sense data or qualia are real physical-chemical qualities, located inside the brain, possibly at a specific locus. Our hypothesis is that the seats of phenomenal consciousness have a structure and a materiality. According to the proposed view, a chromatic quale emerges when a certain pixel of the visual sensorium is fed with a certain pattern Σ of spikes; a change in this pattern quickly changes the color that is subjectively generated. How could one manage to (...) measure chromatic qualia? In principle, with nanoscopical techniques, one could capture all the patterns that fall on the sensorium, and transmit the information to other media. But this does not capture the qualia. However, if the patterns are made to fall on a tissue of the same kind, typically inside another person’s brain, this other person will have roughly the same subjective experience as the first person. The model is used to explore two different situations involving qualia inversion. The paper also explores Cartesian materialism, and the claim that phenomenal time and space are identical to a region of physical time and space. (shrink)

This work examines whether the environmentally-induced decoherence approach in quantum mechanics brings us any closer to solving the measurement problem, and whether it contributes to the elimination of subjectivism in quantum theory. A distinction is made between ,collapse, and ,decoherence,, so that an explanation for decoherence does not imply an explanation for collapse. After an overview of the measurement problem and of the open-systems paradigm, we argue that taking a partial trace is equivalent to applying the projection postulate. A criticism (...) of Zurek's decoherence approach to measurements is also made, based on the restriction that he must impose on the interaction between apparatus and environment. We then analyze the element of subjectivity involved in establishing the boundary between system and environment, and criticize the incorporation of Everett's branching of memory records into the decoherence research program. Sticking to this program, we end by sketching a proposal for ‘environmentally-induced collapse’. (shrink)

This paper proposes a critical edition of Leibniz's "Annotatiunculae subitaneae ad librum de Christianismo Mysteriis carente" (1701), together with an Italian translation, and an introductory essay where I discuss the genesis of the text on the background of Leibniz's criticism of Locke's "way of ideas", and focus on Leibniz's taxonomy of the different meanings of "natural" and "supernatural".

We continue with the study of the Katětov order on MAD families. We prove that Katětov maximal MAD families exist under $\mathfrak {b=c}$ and that there are no Katětov-top MAD families assuming $\mathfrak {s\leq b}.$ This improves previously known results from the literature. We also answer a problem form Arciga, Hrušák, and Martínez regarding Katětov maximal MAD families.

The theme of this article is the two narratives of the Flood of the Hebrew Bible, which, despite having been sewn into a composition, can be relatively easily separated and recovered. The purpose of the article is therefore to recover the two flood narratives of the Hebrew Bible, to demonstrate its completeness and to propose historical-social interpretation for each one of them. The text of Gn 6,5-9,17 was translated, the editorial glosses were identified, each narrative was reconstituted and considered complete (...) and ready for the hermeneutical procedure. It is concluded that, written at the end of the sixth century, the first narrative, here called “Elohist monarchical narrative of the flood”, had as its function the refoundation of the government of the golah, on his return from Babylon, while, written in the mid-fifth century, the second narrative, here called “Yahwist priestly narrative of the flood”, served to introduce the expiatory sacrifice in Jerusalem, then ruled by the priestly body. (shrink)

This paper examines the problem of the interpretation of mixtures in quantum mechanics, presenting a survey of the philosophical debate between the ignorance interpretation (IgI) and the instrumentalist approach. By defining specific procedures for preparing and analyzing mixed beams of polarized light, we show that an important argument in defense of the IgI is not valid: differently prepared but equivalent mixtures cannot be distinguished by measuring particle fluctuations. We present an alternative argument, based on an experiment to test whether the (...) process of mixing is reversible or not. The expected result of this thought-experiment favors a weak version of the IgI. (shrink)

One hundred eighty trauma-focused dissertations published in the United States were examined to determine the variation in risk language used in the informed consents. Level of risk proposed in the informed consents was poorly related to ratings of risk by graduate coders and virtually unrelated to vulnerability factors such as the age of participants and clinical or nonclinical status. Risk language in the informed consents was markedly elevated over that rated by the coders, with more than one third of the (...) dissertations presenting the risk of participation as severe (i.e., associated with substantial risk of reactivity and lasting discomfort). These statements are not in keeping with the literature and raise ethical concerns in relation to (a) nocebo effects, (b) distortion of correlational findings, and (c) discouragement of participants from disclosing trauma in other settings. (shrink)

A partir de um recorte metodológico descritivo e de levantamento bibliográfico, na extensão que o presente instrumento de comunicação permite, o artigo apresenta um conjunto de treze teorias ou discursos sobre a religião. Mesmo quando o procedimento se revela passível de incongruência, procurou-se classificar as teorias e quase teorias em dois grupos: teorias ou quase teorias reducionistas e teorias e quase teorias não reducionistas. Foram tratadas como não reducionistas aquelas que se atêm ao conteúdo positivo da religião, sendo, por isso, (...) classificadas como substantivas. Foram tratadas como reducionistas teorias que consideram a religião a partir de e em relação a sua expressão na sociedade, sendo também classificadas de funcionalistas. Conclui-se que, em grande medida, as teorias se sobrepõem, algumas delas constituindo desdobramentos necessários ou aprofundamentos críticos de teorias anteriores, de sorte que, em rotinas de pesquisas em Ciências das Religiões se poderiam conjugar diferentes teorias e quase teorias como quadro referencial teórico-metodológico. (shrink)

This paper presents a method for investigating counterfactual histories of science. A central notion to our theory of science are "advances" , which are units passed among scientists and which would be conserved in passing from one possible history to another. Advances are connected to each other by nets of causal influence, and we distinguish strong and weak influences. Around sixty types of advances are grouped into ten classes. As our case study, we examine the beginning of the Old Quantum (...) Theory, using a computer to store and process historical information. We describe four plausible possible histories, along with six other implausible ones. (shrink)

The question of which is the logic that underlies quantum physics does not have an absolute answer, but only in relation to a conventional choice of interpretation . Most of the interpretations that have been offered work within the framework of classical logic. In contrast to these, we examine the corpuscular interpretation which is assumed in the application of non-distributive logic . The experiment in which single photons pass through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is examined, indicating the difficulty of employing a (...) realist corpuscular interpretation in this context. One way to save this interpretation would be to use non-distributive logic to analyze the experiment, but this is not satisfactory . However, the use of an alethic modal logic solves the problem, blocking the argument that put the aforementioned corpuscular interpretation into difficulty. In the discussion of the conceptual problems involved, we suggest that a stochastic corpuscular interpretation is well adapted to this logical description. The project of extending this modal logical approach to other experiments in quantum physics, and of providing a rigorous logical treatment, is left open. (shrink)

El presente artículo realiza un análisis filosófico de la concepción del cuerpo humano, entendido como mercancía pornográfica en La sociedad de la transparencia de Byung-Chul Han, quien advierte cómo la intimidad ha sido afectada debido a la fetichización de la sobreexposición, lo que se evidencia principalmente en la desnudez del cuerpo como efecto de la influencia de lo pornográfico. De ahí que, como objetivo general, se expondrá el proceso de profanación estético-antropológico que ha sufrido el cuerpo humano en la tardomodernidad, (...) impulsado por el sistema capitalista al convertirlo en una mercancía de consumo y que además, lo exhibe para efectuar el ideal neoliberal de la transparencia. Asimismo, lo pornográfico se equipara al Dataísmo, puesto que fragmenta la identidad del sujeto por medio del régimen de la digitalización, lo que acrecienta la crisis de lo humano. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the analogy between bare possibles and imaginary numbers, developed by Leibniz during his Paris years. In this period, he came to realize that imaginary quantities are not impossible in themselves, but they cannot be geometrically represented, for they cannot be ordered within the number line. Similarly, he regarded actual things as belonging to a single ‘series of things’, where each member is connected to every other by relations of position and succession. Bare possibles, on the contrary, can (...) be placed nowhere in the series and, therefore, must be regarded as fictions (though reference to them is in a sense unavoidable, like the use of imaginary quantities in algebra). The young Leibniz does not extend the model of a ‘series of things’ to possibles, thus in this period he seems to reject the very idea of a plurality of possible worlds. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se problematiza un aspecto de la crónica modernista: su compilación y publicación en ediciones críticas. Se revisa el caso de tres libros de autores centroamericanos que aparecieron, originalmente, en publicaciones periódicas: La vida de Rubén Darío Escrita por él mismo (1915), de Rubén Darío; Sensaciones de París y de Madrid (1900), de Enrique Gómez Carrillo; y El libro del trópico (1907), de Arturo Ambrogi. Las tres obras ofrecen particularidades que las convierten en modelos diferentes de un (...) mismo problema filológico, por lo que evidencian lo provechoso que sería para el proceso de lectura de un receptor de hoy, acceder a un texto anotado y editado críticamente. (shrink)

En la famosa “Lettre à un critique sévère”, Gilles Deleuze sugiere que existen dos maneras de leer un libro: una que supone un proceso de interpretación y comentario y otra que supone un proceso de experimentación y devenir. En este artículo nos proponemos mostrar que la primera modalidad de lectura es característica de la filosofía entendida como especialización, mientras que la segunda es característica de la filosofía entendida como experimentación. Asimismo, mostraremos que la primera modalidad obedece a un impulso retrospectivo (...) mientras que la segunda a un impulso prospectivo. (shrink)

After drug and weapon trafficking, trafficking of women is one of the most lucrative businesses in the world. According to sociologists César Rey Hernández and Luisa Hernández Angueira in People Trafficking in Puerto Rico: The Challenge of Invisibility (2010), fifty percent of the victims are women and minors. This translates to 2.7 million women and girls that are enslaved in this inhuman business. Puerto Rico is no exception. One of its main problems is the slavery of Dominican women who, in (...) search of a better life in Puerto Rico, are lured to illegally migrate to the island for better opportunities. However, once in the new territory, they are imprisoned and forced to become prostitutes. In addition, femicide is another world-wide pressing issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) affirms that violence against women, between fifteen and forty-four years of age, is the leading cause of death, more than cancer, malaria, car accidents and war combined, and the report ‘A Gendered Analysis of Violent Death’, compiled by Small Arms Survey Center, fourteen out of twenty-five countries with the highest rates of femicide in the world are in Latin America and the Caribbean. This essay focuses on Life is a Sexually Transmittable Disease (2014) by Wilfredo Mattos Cintron. In this novel, the enslaved-immigrant girls and women constitute an ‘injured body’, a body that is merely diminished. The third-world prostitute’s body is the material side of male-controlled dominance, subjugation and violence. Mattos Cintron’s text denounces the ‘suffering body of women’—rape, kidnapping, beating, femicide, their exclusion from human rights and sexual relegation. Moreover, along with patriarchy’s power and the socioeconomic variables as responsible agents of creating the injured body, globalization and capitalism objectify and make women’s bodies currency of the system. (shrink)